{"id":789,"date":"2026-01-29T22:07:55","date_gmt":"2026-01-29T22:07:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/economic-advancement-opportunities\/"},"modified":"2026-07-08T16:37:56","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T16:37:56","slug":"oportunidades-economicas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/","title":{"rendered":"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>El alto costo del desarrollo de medicamentos<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Al abandonar los experimentos en animales y adoptar m\u00e9todos cient\u00edficos avanzados, los pa\u00edses tienen la oportunidad de impulsar la investigaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica, aumentar r\u00e1pidamente el crecimiento del empleo en ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda y reducir los costos de la atenci\u00f3n en salud. Como se se\u00f1ala en el informe <em>Animal Testing and Its Alternatives\u2013the Most Important Omics Is Economics<\/em>, \u201cuna econom\u00eda de enfoques alternativos se ha desarrollado y supera a las pruebas tradicionales en animales\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"59668531-ff37-4823-ab73-51bd3c2e3daf\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#59668531-ff37-4823-ab73-51bd3c2e3daf\" id=\"59668531-ff37-4823-ab73-51bd3c2e3daf-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns blue-box is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica sin animales<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Varios m\u00e9todos basados en c\u00e9lulas y tejidos humanos y modelos computarizados, entre otros, pueden ser usados en la investigaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica b\u00e1sica, traslacional y precl\u00ednica. Estos son solo algunos ejemplos:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"peta-research wp-block-peta-research\">\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-peta-research-item peta-research-item\"><div class=\"peta-research-item__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/organs-on-chips.jpg\" alt=\"\u00f3rganos en microchips\"\/><\/div><div class=\"peta-research-item__content\"><strong>\u00d3rganos en chip<\/strong><br>Estos incluyen c\u00e9lulas humanas que imitan la estructura y la funci\u00f3n de los y las respuestas humanas a los medicamentos con mayor precisi\u00f3n que los experimentos<br>en animales.<\/div><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-peta-research-item peta-research-item\"><div class=\"peta-research-item__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/human-cells-model.png\" alt=\"Imagen de una muestra de tejido humano.\"\/><\/div><div class=\"peta-research-item__content\"><strong><strong>Modelos tridimensionales derivados de c\u00e9lulas humanas<\/strong><\/strong><br>Los organoides, por ejemplo, replican tejidos humanos organizados en una estructura compleja que recapitula su funci\u00f3n, as\u00ed como la de los \u00f3rganos humanos.<\/div><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-peta-research-item peta-research-item\"><div class=\"peta-research-item__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/computer-models.png\" alt=\"Imagen de una persona se\u00f1alando la pantalla de un computador.\"\/><\/div><div class=\"peta-research-item__content\"><strong>Modelos computarizados<\/strong> <strong>sofisticados<\/strong><br>Simulan la biolog\u00eda y la progresi\u00f3n de las enfermedades humanas, prediciendo con precisi\u00f3n c\u00f3mo reaccionar\u00e1n los nuevos medicamentos en el cuerpo humano y facilitando la identificaci\u00f3n de biomarcadores y tratamientos.<\/div><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-peta-research-item peta-research-item\"><div class=\"peta-research-item__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/non-invasice-imaging.png\" alt=\"Imagen de escanograf\u00edas del cerebro humano siendo analizadas por una persona.\"\/><\/div><div class=\"peta-research-item__content\"><strong><strong>Im\u00e1genes humanas no invasivas<\/strong><\/strong><br>Las im\u00e1genes tomadas de voluntarios humanos permiten entender mejor el cerebro humano \u2013incluso a nivel de una sola neurona\u2013 y otros \u00f3rganos.<\/div><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-peta-research-item peta-research-item\"><div class=\"peta-research-item__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/omics-studies.png\" alt=\"Imagen de bandas gen\u00e9ticas. \"\/><\/div><div class=\"peta-research-item__content\"><strong>Estudios \u201c\u00f3micos\u201d<\/strong><br>La gen\u00f3mica y la prote\u00f3mica, entre otras, brindan informaci\u00f3n sobre los mecanismos moleculares complejos que sustentan la biolog\u00eda humana y determinan la forma, la funci\u00f3n y los procesos de las c\u00e9lulas humanas.<\/div><\/li>\n\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En el sistema actual, el proceso para introducir un nuevo medicamento en el mercado puede costar hasta&nbsp;2000&nbsp;millones de d\u00f3lares y tardar hasta 15&nbsp;a\u00f1os.<sup data-fn=\"ade030ad-e16d-4328-9871-0d904864e4d8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#ade030ad-e16d-4328-9871-0d904864e4d8\" id=\"ade030ad-e16d-4328-9871-0d904864e4d8-link\">2<\/a><\/sup> Los elevados costos de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo (I+D) pueden trasladarse a los pacientes en forma de precios cada vez menos accesibles de los medicamentos que requieren prescripci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica.<sup data-fn=\"2e7e32b0-789f-4b50-ad4b-17ae444a28fb\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#2e7e32b0-789f-4b50-ad4b-17ae444a28fb\" id=\"2e7e32b0-789f-4b50-ad4b-17ae444a28fb-link\">3<\/a><\/sup> Esto, a pesar de que el desarrollo de los f\u00e1rmacos probablemente ya estaba financiado con fondos p\u00fablicos, lo que significa que los pacientes, en esencia, \u201cpagan dos veces\u201d por acceder a medicamentos.<sup data-fn=\"502f34dc-473a-41d7-a505-8a226dfbe1a7\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#502f34dc-473a-41d7-a505-8a226dfbe1a7\" id=\"502f34dc-473a-41d7-a505-8a226dfbe1a7-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Durante una conferencia en&nbsp;2017, Scott Gottlieb, el entonces director de la Administraci\u00f3n de Alimentos y Medicamentos de EE.&nbsp;UU. (FDA), lament\u00f3 el elevado costo del desarrollo de medicamentos y su impacto tanto en los pacientes como en la econom\u00eda estadounidense. De acuerdo con \u00e9l, es importante reducir los costos de I+D \u201cpara asegurarnos de proporcionar una v\u00eda eficiente para traducir la ciencia de vanguardia en tratamientos pr\u00e1cticos que beneficiar\u00e1n a los pacientes\u201d y \u201cporque el creciente costo del desarrollo de medicamentos es insostenible\u201d.<sup>104<\/sup> Gottlieb se\u00f1al\u00f3 que \u201c[a] menos que encontremos la forma de modernizar el enfoque de nuestro trabajo y hacer un uso m\u00e1s eficiente de nuestros recursos, tendremos menos medicamentos y los costos ser\u00e1n m\u00e1s elevados\u201d, y a\u00f1adi\u00f3 que \u201c[e]n un momento en el que las personas, con justa raz\u00f3n, se preocupan por el aumento de los precios de los medicamentos y el impacto en su acceso por parte de los pacientes, tambi\u00e9n tenemos que pensar en los factores que contribuyen al elevado costo de fabricar medicamentos nuevos\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"cbb2f31d-2725-40c5-a06b-f056d7034406\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#cbb2f31d-2725-40c5-a06b-f056d7034406\" id=\"cbb2f31d-2725-40c5-a06b-f056d7034406-link\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uno de los factores que contribuyen al elevado costo de I+D es el importante riesgo asociado al desarrollo de un producto que no llegue a convertirse en un medicamento comercializable por no tener \u00e9xito en los ensayos cl\u00ednicos en humanos. El 95% de los f\u00e1rmacos que resultan seguros y efectivos en animales fracasa en los ensayos en humanos,<sup data-fn=\"3a1cf109-4286-4b97-bca0-a30e8acfcb97\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3a1cf109-4286-4b97-bca0-a30e8acfcb97\" id=\"3a1cf109-4286-4b97-bca0-a30e8acfcb97-link\">6<\/a><\/sup> la mayor\u00eda por sus efectos nocivos o porque no funcionan como se esperaba.<sup data-fn=\"c139c914-449a-42df-9d83-b326be293124\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c139c914-449a-42df-9d83-b326be293124\" id=\"c139c914-449a-42df-9d83-b326be293124-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"844c1a55-6d20-4824-a7da-460dffb4457d\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#844c1a55-6d20-4824-a7da-460dffb4457d\" id=\"844c1a55-6d20-4824-a7da-460dffb4457d-link\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"ecf9c2d9-6c19-449e-827c-173298789f84\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#ecf9c2d9-6c19-449e-827c-173298789f84\" id=\"ecf9c2d9-6c19-449e-827c-173298789f84-link\">9<\/a><\/sup> Tambi\u00e9n hay casos en los que medicamentos que llegan al mercado son retirados debido a efectos adversos o problemas de seguridad que no se detectaron en las pruebas en animales.<sup data-fn=\"4d1b785c-7d94-44e0-af7a-3e76fc0309d6\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4d1b785c-7d94-44e0-af7a-3e76fc0309d6\" id=\"4d1b785c-7d94-44e0-af7a-3e76fc0309d6-link\">10<\/a><\/sup> El fracaso durante las fases de ensayo cl\u00ednico del desarrollo de f\u00e1rmacos es el mayor generador de costos de I+D,<sup data-fn=\"33e511ce-bbcd-4f07-8f82-64b4219aaa2d\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#33e511ce-bbcd-4f07-8f82-64b4219aaa2d\" id=\"33e511ce-bbcd-4f07-8f82-64b4219aaa2d-link\">11<\/a><\/sup> lo que indica la urgente necesidad de adoptar mejores modelos predictivos.<sup data-fn=\"f434a7a6-e853-4689-a65f-e9d7d2c0f7cf\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f434a7a6-e853-4689-a65f-e9d7d2c0f7cf\" id=\"f434a7a6-e853-4689-a65f-e9d7d2c0f7cf-link\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por otra parte, es posible que los medicamentos que podr\u00edan ser eficaces en humanos no se prueben nunca en ensayos cl\u00ednicos porque resultaron ineficaces o nocivos en animales. Al abogar por el uso de modelos basados en humanos durante la investigaci\u00f3n y las pruebas de f\u00e1rmacos, un equipo cient\u00edfico se\u00f1al\u00f3 lo siguiente:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote simple is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[L]os candidatos a f\u00e1rmacos potencialmente eficaces nunca pasan a ensayos cl\u00ednicos debido a los resultados negativos de las pruebas precl\u00ednicas, ya que la mayor\u00eda de los modelos animales se asemeja poco a las condiciones humanas y, por lo tanto, tiene valores predictivos bajos. Las discrepancias surgen de diferentes disposiciones anat\u00f3micas y barreras biol\u00f3gicas, divergencias en la expresi\u00f3n de receptores y las respuestas inmunol\u00f3gicas, especificidades como &nbsp;hu\u00e9sped de microorganismos y mecanismos patog\u00e9nicos distintos.<sup data-fn=\"643bc8a5-727d-425c-aa1c-580f14e51474\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#643bc8a5-727d-425c-aa1c-580f14e51474\" id=\"643bc8a5-727d-425c-aa1c-580f14e51474-link\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Con el uso de tecnolog\u00eda relevante para los humanos en lugar de experimentos costosos, prolongados e imprecisos en animales, el costo del desarrollo de medicamentos puede reducirse dr\u00e1sticamente. Los expertos han calculado que el uso de \u00f3rganos en chip, que es solo un tipo de modelo sin animales, podr\u00eda reducir los costos de I+D entre un 10% y un 26%, lo que supondr\u00eda un ahorro de hasta 706&nbsp;millones de d\u00f3lares. La reducci\u00f3n de los gastos y el tiempo que tardan en llegar al mercado los tratamientos eficaces permitir\u00e1 a los fabricantes trasladar este ahorro a los pacientes.<sup data-fn=\"7c6bc208-a69e-4d95-9b7e-1350170e42b7\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7c6bc208-a69e-4d95-9b7e-1350170e42b7\" id=\"7c6bc208-a69e-4d95-9b7e-1350170e42b7-link\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u201cLos f\u00e1rmacos que muestran seguridad y eficacia en modelos animales precl\u00ednicos pueden exhibir propiedades farmacol\u00f3gicas muy diferentes cuando se administran a seres humanos\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"a692c740-bdd6-4883-8b19-072b2be28ded\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#a692c740-bdd6-4883-8b19-072b2be28ded\" id=\"a692c740-bdd6-4883-8b19-072b2be28ded-link\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Crecimiento econ\u00f3mico y laboral en el sector tecnol\u00f3gico<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El mercado de la tecnolog\u00eda <em>in vitro <\/em>basada en c\u00e9lulas humanas para investigaci\u00f3n y ensayos biom\u00e9dicos est\u00e1 creciendo r\u00e1pidamente. De acuerdo con la empresa de investigaci\u00f3n de mercado DataM Intelligence, \u201c[e]l mercado mundial de \u00f3rganos en chip alcanz\u00f3 los 107,5&nbsp;millones de d\u00f3lares en&nbsp;2022, se espera que llegue a los 796,7&nbsp;millones de d\u00f3lares en&nbsp;2031 y que crezca con una TCAC [tasa de crecimiento anual compuesta] del 29,6% durante el per\u00edodo proyectado de 2024&nbsp;a&nbsp;2031\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"091656c7-cb62-4ee5-9804-37db17de168d\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#091656c7-cb62-4ee5-9804-37db17de168d\" id=\"091656c7-cb62-4ee5-9804-37db17de168d-link\">16<\/a><\/sup> Se prev\u00e9 una TCAC similar del 26,5% para los cultivos celulares tridimensionales, que podr\u00edan alcanzar los&nbsp;14.800&nbsp;millones de d\u00f3lares en&nbsp;2028.<sup data-fn=\"4773df94-2e4c-4117-b00b-89abb7744675\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4773df94-2e4c-4117-b00b-89abb7744675\" id=\"4773df94-2e4c-4117-b00b-89abb7744675-link\">17<\/a><\/sup> Tambi\u00e9n se espera un crecimiento sostenido en los mercados de c\u00e9lulas madre pluripotentes inducidas, la bioimpresi\u00f3n&nbsp;3D y los ensayos basados en c\u00e9lulas.<sup data-fn=\"be4b7681-65cd-44ef-b08e-cf2fc8174ccd\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#be4b7681-65cd-44ef-b08e-cf2fc8174ccd\" id=\"be4b7681-65cd-44ef-b08e-cf2fc8174ccd-link\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"4ee69837-b2e6-41d0-8cb8-1fc4d483be65\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4ee69837-b2e6-41d0-8cb8-1fc4d483be65\" id=\"4ee69837-b2e6-41d0-8cb8-1fc4d483be65-link\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"7a0ca45f-db8f-44c7-baaa-f1ff3692a453\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7a0ca45f-db8f-44c7-baaa-f1ff3692a453\" id=\"7a0ca45f-db8f-44c7-baaa-f1ff3692a453-link\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por el contrario, a las organizaciones de investigaci\u00f3n por contrato que se enfocan fuertemente en la reproducci\u00f3n y la venta de animales no les est\u00e1 yendo muy bien. A finales de&nbsp;2024, Charles River Laboratories, que estaba bajo investigaci\u00f3n federal por posibles violaciones de las leyes de importaci\u00f3n de monos, inform\u00f3 una ca\u00edda del 3,2% en los ingresos en el segundo trimestre, lo que llev\u00f3 a la empresa a despedir a unos 600&nbsp;empleados.<sup data-fn=\"ab5d03c6-afd7-4b58-8421-ba3afb8ba518\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#ab5d03c6-afd7-4b58-8421-ba3afb8ba518\" id=\"ab5d03c6-afd7-4b58-8421-ba3afb8ba518-link\">21<\/a><\/sup> Inotiv (antes Envigo), otro proveedor de animales que recientemente estuvo bajo investigaci\u00f3n penal por el maltrato de perros que reproduc\u00eda para experimentaci\u00f3n, registr\u00f3 una ca\u00edda del 32,8% en sus ingresos del tercer trimestre de&nbsp;2024, con una p\u00e9rdida neta consolidada de 26,1&nbsp;millones de d\u00f3lares,<sup data-fn=\"14c11d46-1dae-426e-b498-cac89918d9c6\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#14c11d46-1dae-426e-b498-cac89918d9c6\" id=\"14c11d46-1dae-426e-b498-cac89918d9c6-link\">22<\/a><\/sup> y atribuy\u00f3 estas p\u00e9rdidas financieras a la disminuci\u00f3n de las ventas de primates.<sup data-fn=\"1f64b777-a82a-44ca-9cf3-a5c1342a67bf\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#1f64b777-a82a-44ca-9cf3-a5c1342a67bf\" id=\"1f64b777-a82a-44ca-9cf3-a5c1342a67bf-link\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El abandono de la experimentaci\u00f3n y las pruebas en animales puede abrir nuevas oportunidades para capacitar al personal de laboratorio, incluidos experimentadores, t\u00e9cnicos y cuidadores de animales, responsables de bienestar animal y criadores, en competencias que los preparen mejor para carreras estables y satisfactorias en sectores en expansi\u00f3n. La construcci\u00f3n de una nueva infraestructura en torno a la investigaci\u00f3n basada en la biolog\u00eda humana llenar\u00e1 los vac\u00edos dejados por los criadores y proveedores de animales que han fracasado, y crear\u00e1 una gran cantidad de oportunidades laborales sin los riesgos mentales<sup data-fn=\"03369895-b974-46eb-8bee-5a6e3c170ab2\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#03369895-b974-46eb-8bee-5a6e3c170ab2\" id=\"03369895-b974-46eb-8bee-5a6e3c170ab2-link\">24<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"d54434f3-0aea-44fe-ad40-e19029de8462\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d54434f3-0aea-44fe-ad40-e19029de8462\" id=\"d54434f3-0aea-44fe-ad40-e19029de8462-link\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"77fbdad3-e53b-4867-b04a-14009299e6cf\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#77fbdad3-e53b-4867-b04a-14009299e6cf\" id=\"77fbdad3-e53b-4867-b04a-14009299e6cf-link\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"b8fb102e-1071-43cd-acf9-355c59efa39d\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#b8fb102e-1071-43cd-acf9-355c59efa39d\" id=\"b8fb102e-1071-43cd-acf9-355c59efa39d-link\">27<\/a><\/sup> y f\u00edsicos<sup data-fn=\"6acbc3c0-c7fc-4502-b867-5c6ac8e08eea\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#6acbc3c0-c7fc-4502-b867-5c6ac8e08eea\" id=\"6acbc3c0-c7fc-4502-b867-5c6ac8e08eea-link\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"52064784-5569-461d-8677-9a7b6eae0d8d\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#52064784-5569-461d-8677-9a7b6eae0d8d\" id=\"52064784-5569-461d-8677-9a7b6eae0d8d-link\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup data-fn=\"744e3beb-562e-4336-97a4-e8825f0ff27c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#744e3beb-562e-4336-97a4-e8825f0ff27c\" id=\"744e3beb-562e-4336-97a4-e8825f0ff27c-link\">30<\/a><\/sup> asociados al trabajo en instalaciones con animales enfermos, estresados y cautivos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Una tecnolog\u00eda nueva \u2013y sin serias limitaciones \u00e9ticas\u2013 agilizar\u00e1 el desarrollo de medicamentos y har\u00e1 que el proceso sea m\u00e1s seguro, econ\u00f3mico y eficaz. El desarrollo de estas t\u00e9cnicas permite crear equipos de investigaci\u00f3n interdisciplinarios que ser\u00e1n fundamentales para impulsar la ciencia traslacional y crear modelos personalizados de enfermedades para la medicina de precisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns blue-box is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Los m\u00e9todos basados en la biolog\u00eda humana superan las pruebas en animales<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"392\" height=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/app-science-peta-prod-eastus2.azurewebsites.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Rectangle-1-1.png\" alt=\"Imagen de una m\u00e9dica se\u00f1alando una figura del cuerpo humano de la cual emergen l\u00edneas que apuntan a seis \u00f3rganos: coraz\u00f3n, pulmones, ri\u00f1ones, h\u00edgado y cerebro. La m\u00e9dica tiene un estetoscopio congado del cuello.\" class=\"wp-image-212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Rectangle-1-1.png 392w, https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Rectangle-1-1-270x300.png 270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Estos ejemplos demuestran que las herramientas de investigaci\u00f3n basadas en la biolog\u00eda humana son mejores que los experimentos en animales para predecir resultados en humanos y podr\u00edan haber evitado su morbilidad y mortalidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Un h\u00edgado humano en chip desarrollado por Emulate Inc. en Boston \u201cfue capaz de identificar correctamente el 87% de los medicamentos probados que causaban lesiones hep\u00e1ticas inducidas por f\u00e1rmacos en pacientes, a pesar de haber pasado las evaluaciones de las pruebas en animales. Estos medicamentos que inicialmente pasaron las evaluaciones en animales terminaron causando cerca de 250&nbsp;muertes y 10&nbsp;trasplantes de h\u00edgado\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"7afc0bfd-3402-406e-97a0-99dc7b841d29\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7afc0bfd-3402-406e-97a0-99dc7b841d29\" id=\"7afc0bfd-3402-406e-97a0-99dc7b841d29-link\">31<\/a><\/sup> En septiembre de&nbsp;2024, el Centro de Evaluaci\u00f3n e Investigaci\u00f3n de Medicamentos de la FDA acept\u00f3 este chip hep\u00e1tico en su programa piloto Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs, que permitir\u00e1 a los desarrolladores utilizar la tecnolog\u00eda para evaluar el potencial de nuevos medicamentos para causar da\u00f1o hep\u00e1tico en humanos, una de las principales razones por las que los f\u00e1rmacos fracasan en los ensayos cl\u00ednicos.<sup data-fn=\"1e0b1721-cb9a-4fd7-a3a9-5647c8501bd1\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#1e0b1721-cb9a-4fd7-a3a9-5647c8501bd1\" id=\"1e0b1721-cb9a-4fd7-a3a9-5647c8501bd1-link\">32<\/a><\/sup> La troglitazona hab\u00eda sido retirada del mercado debido a una toxicidad hep\u00e1tica grave y letal que caus\u00f3 la muerte de al menos 63 personas. Las pruebas <em>in vitro<\/em> m\u00e1s recientes predijeron este posible riesgo, mientras que los estudios precl\u00ednicos en animales no lo hab\u00edan hecho. Uno de los autores del estudio se\u00f1al\u00f3 que \u201c[l]os pacientes necesitan disponer de medicamentos m\u00e1s seguros y asequibles durante su vida. La industria farmac\u00e9utica est\u00e1 en crisis, sin productos en fase de desarrollo y con costos por las nubes. Centrarse en la biolog\u00eda humana es la v\u00eda para desarrollar medicamentos m\u00e1s seguros, con mayor rapidez y a menor costo\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"5bcc21c0-876f-4c05-a0dc-823a24ef1314\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5bcc21c0-876f-4c05-a0dc-823a24ef1314\" id=\"5bcc21c0-876f-4c05-a0dc-823a24ef1314-link\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A partir de una gran base de datos qu\u00edmicos, un algoritmo computarizado fue capaz de predecir mejor la toxicidad en humanos de una nueva sustancia qu\u00edmica que las pruebas en animales.<sup data-fn=\"d67ef3f1-e824-46a4-a8ca-c1da589a2d3a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d67ef3f1-e824-46a4-a8ca-c1da589a2d3a\" id=\"d67ef3f1-e824-46a4-a8ca-c1da589a2d3a-link\">34<\/a><\/sup> De acuerdo con uno de los autores de este estudio, los resultados fueron \u201crealmente reveladores\u201d, ya que \u201csugieren que podemos reemplazar muchas pruebas en animales por predicciones basadas en computador y obtener resultados m\u00e1s confiables\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"1b33deab-ce13-408f-9eaa-5b4be6bad2c5\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#1b33deab-ce13-408f-9eaa-5b4be6bad2c5\" id=\"1b33deab-ce13-408f-9eaa-5b4be6bad2c5-link\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emulate y Janssen Pharmaceuticals han demostrado que un vaso sangu\u00edneo en chip fue capaz de predecir una trombosis humana causada por un tratamiento con anticuerpos. Tras pruebas precl\u00ednicas en animales, se hab\u00eda determinado que este tratamiento era seguro, pero los ensayos cl\u00ednicos tuvieron que interrumpirse despu\u00e9s de que las personas que lo recibieron desarrollaran co\u00e1gulos.<sup data-fn=\"fecd2641-4a64-407e-9304-4ddd4b27893a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#fecd2641-4a64-407e-9304-4ddd4b27893a\" id=\"fecd2641-4a64-407e-9304-4ddd4b27893a-link\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Los modelos computacionales que simulan c\u00e9lulas card\u00edacas humanas predicen la cardiotoxicidad en humanos \u2013que puede producir arritmias peligrosas\u2013 con mayor precisi\u00f3n que las pruebas en animales.<sup data-fn=\"5ca58369-c227-4966-8e9a-80c40132f60e\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5ca58369-c227-4966-8e9a-80c40132f60e\" id=\"5ca58369-c227-4966-8e9a-80c40132f60e-link\">37<\/a><\/sup> Modelos como este son cruciales para \u201cmejorar la seguridad de los f\u00e1rmacos, lo que reduce el riesgo para los pacientes durante los ensayos cl\u00ednicos y acelera el desarrollo de medicamentos para pacientes que necesitan atenci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica con urgencia\u201d.<sup data-fn=\"f660a465-bbed-46e2-8804-7b817397dbf3\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f660a465-bbed-46e2-8804-7b817397dbf3\" id=\"f660a465-bbed-46e2-8804-7b817397dbf3-link\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns footnotes is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ReferencIAS<\/h5>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"59668531-ff37-4823-ab73-51bd3c2e3daf\">Meigs L, Smirnova L, Rovida C, Leist M, Hartung T. Animal testing and its alternatives\u2014the most important omics is economics. <em>ALTEX<\/em>. 2018;35(3):275-305. doi:10.14573\/altex.1807041 <a href=\"#59668531-ff37-4823-ab73-51bd3c2e3daf-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"ade030ad-e16d-4328-9871-0d904864e4d8\">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. New Therapeutic Uses. April 19, 2024. Accessed September 25, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ncats.nih.gov\/research\/research-activities\/ntu\">https:\/\/ncats.nih.gov\/research\/research-activities\/ntu<\/a> <a href=\"#ade030ad-e16d-4328-9871-0d904864e4d8-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"2e7e32b0-789f-4b50-ad4b-17ae444a28fb\">Siddiqui M, Rajkumar SV. The high cost of cancer drugs and what we can do about it. <em>Mayo Clin Proc.<\/em> 2012;87(10):935. doi:10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.07.007 <a href=\"#2e7e32b0-789f-4b50-ad4b-17ae444a28fb-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"502f34dc-473a-41d7-a505-8a226dfbe1a7\">Santoro H. Americans paid $11 billion to make drugs you can\u2019t afford. <em>The Lever<\/em>. February 22, 2024. Accessed October 25, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.levernews.com\/americans-paid-11-billion-to-make-drugs-you-cant-afford\/\">https:\/\/www.levernews.com\/americans-paid-11-billion-to-make-drugs-you-cant-afford\/<\/a> <a href=\"#502f34dc-473a-41d7-a505-8a226dfbe1a7-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"cbb2f31d-2725-40c5-a06b-f056d7034406\">Adams B. FDA commissioner: We need to talk about drug development costs. <em>Fierce Biotech.<\/em> September 12, 2017. Accessed October 25, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/biotech\/fda-commish-we-need-to-talk-about-drug-development-costs\">https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/biotech\/fda-commish-we-need-to-talk-about-drug-development-costs<\/a> <a href=\"#cbb2f31d-2725-40c5-a06b-f056d7034406-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"3a1cf109-4286-4b97-bca0-a30e8acfcb97\">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 2024 <a href=\"#3a1cf109-4286-4b97-bca0-a30e8acfcb97-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c139c914-449a-42df-9d83-b326be293124\">Hartung T. The (misleading) role of animal models in drug development. <em>Front Drug Discov.<\/em> 2024;4. doi:10.3389\/fddsv.2024.1355044 <a href=\"#c139c914-449a-42df-9d83-b326be293124-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"844c1a55-6d20-4824-a7da-460dffb4457d\">Kramer LA, Greek R. Human stakeholders and the use of animals in drug development. <em>Bus Soc Rev.<\/em> 2018;123(1):3-58. doi:10.1111\/basr.12134 <a href=\"#844c1a55-6d20-4824-a7da-460dffb4457d-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"ecf9c2d9-6c19-449e-827c-173298789f84\">Loewa A, Feng JJ, Hedtrich S. Human disease models in drug development. <em>Nat Rev Bioeng.<\/em> Published online May 11, 2023:1-15. doi:10.1038\/s44222-023-00063-3 <a href=\"#ecf9c2d9-6c19-449e-827c-173298789f84-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 9\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"4d1b785c-7d94-44e0-af7a-3e76fc0309d6\">Hartung T. The (misleading) role of animal models in drug development. <em>Front Drug Discov.<\/em> 2024;4. doi:10.3389\/fddsv.2024.1355044 <a href=\"#4d1b785c-7d94-44e0-af7a-3e76fc0309d6-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 10\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"33e511ce-bbcd-4f07-8f82-64b4219aaa2d\">Paul SM, Mytelka DS, Dunwiddie CT, et al. How to improve R&amp;D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry\u2019s grand challenge. <em>Nat Rev Drug Discov.<\/em> 2010;9(3):203-214. doi:10.1038\/nrd3078 <a href=\"#33e511ce-bbcd-4f07-8f82-64b4219aaa2d-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 11\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f434a7a6-e853-4689-a65f-e9d7d2c0f7cf\">Franzen N, Van Harten WH, Ret\u00e8l VP, Loskill P, Van Den Eijnden-Van Raaij J, Ijzerman M. Impact of organ-on-a-chip technology on pharmaceutical R&amp;D costs. <em>Drug Discov Today<\/em>. 2019;24(9):1720-1724. doi:10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.06.003 <a href=\"#f434a7a6-e853-4689-a65f-e9d7d2c0f7cf-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 12\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"643bc8a5-727d-425c-aa1c-580f14e51474\">Loewa, Feng, Hedtrich., <em>Nat Rev Bioeng.<\/em> 2023. <a href=\"#643bc8a5-727d-425c-aa1c-580f14e51474-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 13\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7c6bc208-a69e-4d95-9b7e-1350170e42b7\">Franzen, Van Harten, Ret\u00e8l, Loskill, Van Den Eijnden-Van, Ijzerman., <em>Drug Discov Today<\/em>. 2019. <a href=\"#7c6bc208-a69e-4d95-9b7e-1350170e42b7-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 14\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"a692c740-bdd6-4883-8b19-072b2be28ded\">Attarwala H. TGN1412: From discovery to disaster. <em>J Young Pharm.<\/em> 2010;2(3):332-336. doi:10.4103\/0975-1483.66810 <a href=\"#a692c740-bdd6-4883-8b19-072b2be28ded-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 15\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"091656c7-cb62-4ee5-9804-37db17de168d\">DataM Intelligence. Organ-on-chip market size, share, growth and trends value forecast 2024. <em>DataMIntelligence<\/em>. July 2024. Accessed October 28, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.datamintelligence.com\/research-report\/organ-on-chip-market\">https:\/\/www.datamintelligence.com\/research-report\/organ-on-chip-market<\/a> <a href=\"#091656c7-cb62-4ee5-9804-37db17de168d-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 16\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"4773df94-2e4c-4117-b00b-89abb7744675\">BCC Publishing. Global 3D Cell Cultures Market Size &amp; Growth Analysis Report.; 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/3d-cell-culture-technologies-markets-report.html\">https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/3d-cell-culture-technologies-markets-report.html<\/a> <a href=\"#4773df94-2e4c-4117-b00b-89abb7744675-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 17\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"be4b7681-65cd-44ef-b08e-cf2fc8174ccd\">BCC Publishing. Global Bioprinting Market Research and Growth Forecast Analysis.; 2023. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/bioprinting-markets-technologies-report.html\">https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/bioprinting-markets-technologies-report.html<\/a> <a href=\"#be4b7681-65cd-44ef-b08e-cf2fc8174ccd-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 18\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"4ee69837-b2e6-41d0-8cb8-1fc4d483be65\">BCC Publishing. Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market Growth 2023\u20132028.; 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-report.html\">https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-report.html<\/a> <a href=\"#4ee69837-b2e6-41d0-8cb8-1fc4d483be65-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 19\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7a0ca45f-db8f-44c7-baaa-f1ff3692a453\">BCC Publishing. Cell Based Assays Market Size, Share &amp; Growth Analysis Report.; 2022. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/cell-based-assays-technologies-markets-report.html\">https:\/\/www.bccresearch.com\/market-research\/biotechnology\/cell-based-assays-technologies-markets-report.html<\/a> <a href=\"#7a0ca45f-db8f-44c7-baaa-f1ff3692a453-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 20\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"ab5d03c6-afd7-4b58-8421-ba3afb8ba518\">Incorvaia D. Charles River lays off 3% of workforce in wake of Q2 revenue dip. <em>Fierce Biotech.<\/em> September 12, 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/cro\/wake-second-quarter-revenue-drop-charles-river-cuts-3-workforce\">https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/cro\/wake-second-quarter-revenue-drop-charles-river-cuts-3-workforce<\/a> <a href=\"#ab5d03c6-afd7-4b58-8421-ba3afb8ba518-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 21\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"14c11d46-1dae-426e-b498-cac89918d9c6\">Inotiv Inc. Inotiv reports third quarter financial results for fiscal 2024 and provides business update. GlobeNewswire News Room. August 8, 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2024\/08\/08\/2927339\/0\/en\/Inotiv-Reports-Third-Quarter-Financial-Results-for-Fiscal-2024-and-Provides-Business-Update.html\">https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2024\/08\/08\/2927339\/0\/en\/Inotiv-Reports-Third-Quarter-Financial-Results-for-Fiscal-2024-and-Provides-Business-Update.html<\/a> <a href=\"#14c11d46-1dae-426e-b498-cac89918d9c6-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 22\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1f64b777-a82a-44ca-9cf3-a5c1342a67bf\">White W. Why is Inotiv (NOTV) stock down 35% today? <em>InvestorPlace<\/em>. May 14, 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/investorplace.com\/2024\/05\/why-is-inotiv-notv-stock-down-35-today\/\">https:\/\/investorplace.com\/2024\/05\/why-is-inotiv-notv-stock-down-35-today\/<\/a> <a href=\"#1f64b777-a82a-44ca-9cf3-a5c1342a67bf-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 23\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"03369895-b974-46eb-8bee-5a6e3c170ab2\">Mamzer H, Zok A, Bia\u0142as P, Andrusiewicz M. Negative psychological aspects of working with experimental animals in scientific research. <em>PeerJ.<\/em> 2021;9:e11035. doi:10.7717\/peerj.11035 <a href=\"#03369895-b974-46eb-8bee-5a6e3c170ab2-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 24\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d54434f3-0aea-44fe-ad40-e19029de8462\">Morahan HL, Cohen S, Bero L, Rooney KB. The culture of care to enhance laboratory animal personnel well-being: a scoping review. <em>Lab Anim.<\/em> Published online September 3, 2024:00236772241259089. doi:10.1177\/00236772241259089 <a href=\"#d54434f3-0aea-44fe-ad40-e19029de8462-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 25\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"77fbdad3-e53b-4867-b04a-14009299e6cf\">LaFollette MR, Riley MC, Cloutier S, Brady CM, O\u2019Haire ME, Gaskill BN. Laboratory animal welfare meets human welfare: a cross-sectional study of professional quality of life, including compassion fatigue in laboratory animal personnel. <em>Front Vet Sci.<\/em> 2020;7. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.00114 <a href=\"#77fbdad3-e53b-4867-b04a-14009299e6cf-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 26\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"b8fb102e-1071-43cd-acf9-355c59efa39d\">Randall MS, Moody CM, Turner PV. Mental wellbeing in laboratory animal professionals: a cross-sectional study of compassion fatigue, contributing factors, and coping mechanisms. <em>AALAS<\/em>. 2021;60(1):54-63. doi:10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000039 <a href=\"#b8fb102e-1071-43cd-acf9-355c59efa39d-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 27\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"6acbc3c0-c7fc-4502-b867-5c6ac8e08eea\">University of Iowa. Occupational hazards associated with the care and use of laboratory animals. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/animal.research.uiowa.edu\/occupational-hazards-associated-care-and-use-laboratory-animals\">https:\/\/animal.research.uiowa.edu\/occupational-hazards-associated-care-and-use-laboratory-animals<\/a> <a href=\"#6acbc3c0-c7fc-4502-b867-5c6ac8e08eea-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 28\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"52064784-5569-461d-8677-9a7b6eae0d8d\">Khabbaz RF, Rowe T, Heneine WM, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus needlestick accident in a laboratory worker. <em>Lancet<\/em>. 1992;340(8814):271-273. doi:10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92358-M <a href=\"#52064784-5569-461d-8677-9a7b6eae0d8d-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 29\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"744e3beb-562e-4336-97a4-e8825f0ff27c\">Hicks JP. Infected monkeys at Michigan research lab threaten health and science. <em>mlive<\/em>. June 21, 2023. Accessed September 25, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mlive.com\/public-interest\/2023\/06\/infected-monkeys-at-michigan-research-lab-threaten-health-and-science.html\">https:\/\/www.mlive.com\/public-interest\/2023\/06\/infected-monkeys-at-michigan-research-lab-threaten-health-and-science.html<\/a> <a href=\"#744e3beb-562e-4336-97a4-e8825f0ff27c-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 30\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7afc0bfd-3402-406e-97a0-99dc7b841d29\">Ewart L, Apostolou A, Briggs SA, et al. Performance assessment and economic analysis of a human liver-chip for predictive toxicology. <em>Commun Med.<\/em> 2022;2(1):1-16. doi:10.1038\/s43856-022-00209-1 <a href=\"#7afc0bfd-3402-406e-97a0-99dc7b841d29-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 31\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1e0b1721-cb9a-4fd7-a3a9-5647c8501bd1\">FDA. FDA\u2019s ISTAND Pilot Program accepts a submission of first organ-on-a-chip technology designed to predict human drug-induced liver injury (DILI). fda.gov. September 24, 2024. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fdas-istand-pilot-program-accepts-submission-first-organ-chip-technology-designed-predict-human-drug\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fdas-istand-pilot-program-accepts-submission-first-organ-chip-technology-designed-predict-human-drug<\/a> <a href=\"#1e0b1721-cb9a-4fd7-a3a9-5647c8501bd1-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 32\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5bcc21c0-876f-4c05-a0dc-823a24ef1314\">Safer Medicines Trust. Tests on human cells and tissues predict dangerous drug side effects where animal tests and even human trials fail. Safer Medicines. 2021. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/safermedicines.org\/for-immediate-release-tests-on-human-cells-and-tissues-predict-dangerous-drug-side-effects-where-animal-tests-and-even-human-trials-fail\/\">https:\/\/safermedicines.org\/for-immediate-release-tests-on-human-cells-and-tissues-predict-dangerous-drug-side-effects-where-animal-tests-and-even-human-trials-fail\/<\/a> <a href=\"#5bcc21c0-876f-4c05-a0dc-823a24ef1314-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 33\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d67ef3f1-e824-46a4-a8ca-c1da589a2d3a\">Luechtefeld T, Marsh D, Rowlands C, Hartung T. Machine learning of toxicological big data enables read-across structure activity relationships (RASAR) outperforming animal test reproducibility. <em>Toxicol Sci<\/em>. 2018;165(1):198-212. doi:10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy152 <a href=\"#d67ef3f1-e824-46a4-a8ca-c1da589a2d3a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 34\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1b33deab-ce13-408f-9eaa-5b4be6bad2c5\">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Database Analysis More Reliable Than Animal Testing for Toxic Chemicals. publichealth.jhu.edu. July 18, 2018. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2018\/database-analysis-more-reliable-than-animal-testing-for-toxic-chemicals\">https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2018\/database-analysis-more-reliable-than-animal-testing-for-toxic-chemicals<\/a> <a href=\"#1b33deab-ce13-408f-9eaa-5b4be6bad2c5-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 35\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"fecd2641-4a64-407e-9304-4ddd4b27893a\">Barrile R, van der Meer AD, Park H, et al. Organ-on-chip recapitulates thrombosis induced by an anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody: translational potential of advanced microengineered systems. <em>Clin Pharmacol Ther.<\/em> 2018;104(6):1240-1248. doi:10.1002\/cpt.1054 <a href=\"#fecd2641-4a64-407e-9304-4ddd4b27893a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 36\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5ca58369-c227-4966-8e9a-80c40132f60e\">Passini E, Britton OJ, Lu HR, et al. Human in silico drug trials demonstrate higher accuracy than animal models in predicting clinical pro-arrhythmic cardiotoxicity. <em>Front Physiol.<\/em> 2017;8. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2017.00668 <a href=\"#5ca58369-c227-4966-8e9a-80c40132f60e-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 37\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f660a465-bbed-46e2-8804-7b817397dbf3\">Passini E, Rodriguez B, Benito P. Why computer simulations should replace animal testing for heart drugs. <em>The Conversation<\/em>. March 26, 2018. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-computer-simulations-should-replace-animal-testing-for-heart-drugs-93409\">http:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-computer-simulations-should-replace-animal-testing-for-heart-drugs-93409<\/a> <a href=\"#f660a465-bbed-46e2-8804-7b817397dbf3-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 38\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El alto costo del desarrollo de medicamentos Al abandonar los experimentos en animales y adoptar m\u00e9todos cient\u00edficos avanzados, los pa\u00edses tienen la oportunidad de impulsar la investigaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica, aumentar r\u00e1pidamente el crecimiento del empleo en ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda y reducir los costos de la atenci\u00f3n en salud. Como se se\u00f1ala en el informe Animal Testing&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"59668531-ff37-4823-ab73-51bd3c2e3daf\",\"content\":\"Meigs L, Smirnova L, Rovida C, Leist M, Hartung T. Animal testing and its alternatives\\u2014the most important omics is economics. <em>ALTEX<\\\/em>. 2018;35(3):275-305. doi:10.14573\\\/altex.1807041\"},{\"id\":\"ade030ad-e16d-4328-9871-0d904864e4d8\",\"content\":\"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. New Therapeutic Uses. April 19, 2024. Accessed September 25, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/ncats.nih.gov\\\/research\\\/research-activities\\\/ntu\\\">https:\\\/\\\/ncats.nih.gov\\\/research\\\/research-activities\\\/ntu<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"2e7e32b0-789f-4b50-ad4b-17ae444a28fb\",\"content\":\"Siddiqui M, Rajkumar SV. The high cost of cancer drugs and what we can do about it. <em>Mayo Clin Proc.<\\\/em> 2012;87(10):935. doi:10.1016\\\/j.mayocp.2012.07.007\"},{\"id\":\"502f34dc-473a-41d7-a505-8a226dfbe1a7\",\"content\":\"Santoro H. Americans paid $11 billion to make drugs you can\\u2019t afford. <em>The Lever<\\\/em>. February 22, 2024. Accessed October 25, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.levernews.com\\\/americans-paid-11-billion-to-make-drugs-you-cant-afford\\\/\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.levernews.com\\\/americans-paid-11-billion-to-make-drugs-you-cant-afford\\\/<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"cbb2f31d-2725-40c5-a06b-f056d7034406\",\"content\":\"Adams B. FDA commissioner: We need to talk about drug development costs. <em>Fierce Biotech.<\\\/em> September 12, 2017. Accessed October 25, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fiercebiotech.com\\\/biotech\\\/fda-commish-we-need-to-talk-about-drug-development-costs\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.fiercebiotech.com\\\/biotech\\\/fda-commish-we-need-to-talk-about-drug-development-costs<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"3a1cf109-4286-4b97-bca0-a30e8acfcb97\",\"content\":\"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 2024\"},{\"id\":\"c139c914-449a-42df-9d83-b326be293124\",\"content\":\"Hartung T. The (misleading) role of animal models in drug development. <em>Front Drug Discov.<\\\/em> 2024;4. doi:10.3389\\\/fddsv.2024.1355044\"},{\"id\":\"844c1a55-6d20-4824-a7da-460dffb4457d\",\"content\":\"Kramer LA, Greek R. Human stakeholders and the use of animals in drug development. <em>Bus Soc Rev.<\\\/em> 2018;123(1):3-58. doi:10.1111\\\/basr.12134\"},{\"id\":\"ecf9c2d9-6c19-449e-827c-173298789f84\",\"content\":\"Loewa A, Feng JJ, Hedtrich S. Human disease models in drug development. <em>Nat Rev Bioeng.<\\\/em> Published online May 11, 2023:1-15. doi:10.1038\\\/s44222-023-00063-3\"},{\"id\":\"4d1b785c-7d94-44e0-af7a-3e76fc0309d6\",\"content\":\"Hartung T. The (misleading) role of animal models in drug development. <em>Front Drug Discov.<\\\/em> 2024;4. doi:10.3389\\\/fddsv.2024.1355044\"},{\"id\":\"33e511ce-bbcd-4f07-8f82-64b4219aaa2d\",\"content\":\"Paul SM, Mytelka DS, Dunwiddie CT, et al. How to improve R&amp;D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry\\u2019s grand challenge. <em>Nat Rev Drug Discov.<\\\/em> 2010;9(3):203-214. doi:10.1038\\\/nrd3078\"},{\"id\":\"f434a7a6-e853-4689-a65f-e9d7d2c0f7cf\",\"content\":\"Franzen N, Van Harten WH, Ret\\u00e8l VP, Loskill P, Van Den Eijnden-Van Raaij J, Ijzerman M. Impact of organ-on-a-chip technology on pharmaceutical R&amp;D costs. <em>Drug Discov Today<\\\/em>. 2019;24(9):1720-1724. doi:10.1016\\\/j.drudis.2019.06.003\"},{\"id\":\"643bc8a5-727d-425c-aa1c-580f14e51474\",\"content\":\"Loewa, Feng, Hedtrich., <em>Nat Rev Bioeng.<\\\/em> 2023.\"},{\"id\":\"7c6bc208-a69e-4d95-9b7e-1350170e42b7\",\"content\":\"Franzen, Van Harten, Ret\\u00e8l, Loskill, Van Den Eijnden-Van, Ijzerman., <em>Drug Discov Today<\\\/em>. 2019.\"},{\"id\":\"a692c740-bdd6-4883-8b19-072b2be28ded\",\"content\":\"Attarwala H. TGN1412: From discovery to disaster. <em>J Young Pharm.<\\\/em> 2010;2(3):332-336. doi:10.4103\\\/0975-1483.66810\"},{\"id\":\"091656c7-cb62-4ee5-9804-37db17de168d\",\"content\":\"DataM Intelligence. Organ-on-chip market size, share, growth and trends value forecast 2024. <em>DataMIntelligence<\\\/em>. July 2024. Accessed October 28, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datamintelligence.com\\\/research-report\\\/organ-on-chip-market\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.datamintelligence.com\\\/research-report\\\/organ-on-chip-market<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"4773df94-2e4c-4117-b00b-89abb7744675\",\"content\":\"BCC Publishing. Global 3D Cell Cultures Market Size &amp; Growth Analysis Report.; 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/3d-cell-culture-technologies-markets-report.html\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/3d-cell-culture-technologies-markets-report.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"be4b7681-65cd-44ef-b08e-cf2fc8174ccd\",\"content\":\"BCC Publishing. Global Bioprinting Market Research and Growth Forecast Analysis.; 2023. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/bioprinting-markets-technologies-report.html\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/bioprinting-markets-technologies-report.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"4ee69837-b2e6-41d0-8cb8-1fc4d483be65\",\"content\":\"BCC Publishing. Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market Growth 2023\\u20132028.; 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-report.html\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-report.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"7a0ca45f-db8f-44c7-baaa-f1ff3692a453\",\"content\":\"BCC Publishing. Cell Based Assays Market Size, Share &amp; Growth Analysis Report.; 2022. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/cell-based-assays-technologies-markets-report.html\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.bccresearch.com\\\/market-research\\\/biotechnology\\\/cell-based-assays-technologies-markets-report.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"ab5d03c6-afd7-4b58-8421-ba3afb8ba518\",\"content\":\"Incorvaia D. Charles River lays off 3% of workforce in wake of Q2 revenue dip. <em>Fierce Biotech.<\\\/em> September 12, 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fiercebiotech.com\\\/cro\\\/wake-second-quarter-revenue-drop-charles-river-cuts-3-workforce\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.fiercebiotech.com\\\/cro\\\/wake-second-quarter-revenue-drop-charles-river-cuts-3-workforce<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"14c11d46-1dae-426e-b498-cac89918d9c6\",\"content\":\"Inotiv Inc. Inotiv reports third quarter financial results for fiscal 2024 and provides business update. GlobeNewswire News Room. August 8, 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globenewswire.com\\\/news-release\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/08\\\/2927339\\\/0\\\/en\\\/Inotiv-Reports-Third-Quarter-Financial-Results-for-Fiscal-2024-and-Provides-Business-Update.html\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.globenewswire.com\\\/news-release\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/08\\\/2927339\\\/0\\\/en\\\/Inotiv-Reports-Third-Quarter-Financial-Results-for-Fiscal-2024-and-Provides-Business-Update.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"1f64b777-a82a-44ca-9cf3-a5c1342a67bf\",\"content\":\"White W. Why is Inotiv (NOTV) stock down 35% today? <em>InvestorPlace<\\\/em>. May 14, 2024. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/investorplace.com\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/why-is-inotiv-notv-stock-down-35-today\\\/\\\">https:\\\/\\\/investorplace.com\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/why-is-inotiv-notv-stock-down-35-today\\\/<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"03369895-b974-46eb-8bee-5a6e3c170ab2\",\"content\":\"Mamzer H, Zok A, Bia\\u0142as P, Andrusiewicz M. Negative psychological aspects of working with experimental animals in scientific research. <em>PeerJ.<\\\/em> 2021;9:e11035. doi:10.7717\\\/peerj.11035\"},{\"id\":\"d54434f3-0aea-44fe-ad40-e19029de8462\",\"content\":\"Morahan HL, Cohen S, Bero L, Rooney KB. The culture of care to enhance laboratory animal personnel well-being: a scoping review. <em>Lab Anim.<\\\/em> Published online September 3, 2024:00236772241259089. doi:10.1177\\\/00236772241259089\"},{\"id\":\"77fbdad3-e53b-4867-b04a-14009299e6cf\",\"content\":\"LaFollette MR, Riley MC, Cloutier S, Brady CM, O\\u2019Haire ME, Gaskill BN. Laboratory animal welfare meets human welfare: a cross-sectional study of professional quality of life, including compassion fatigue in laboratory animal personnel. <em>Front Vet Sci.<\\\/em> 2020;7. doi:10.3389\\\/fvets.2020.00114\"},{\"id\":\"b8fb102e-1071-43cd-acf9-355c59efa39d\",\"content\":\"Randall MS, Moody CM, Turner PV. Mental wellbeing in laboratory animal professionals: a cross-sectional study of compassion fatigue, contributing factors, and coping mechanisms. <em>AALAS<\\\/em>. 2021;60(1):54-63. doi:10.30802\\\/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000039\"},{\"id\":\"6acbc3c0-c7fc-4502-b867-5c6ac8e08eea\",\"content\":\"University of Iowa. Occupational hazards associated with the care and use of laboratory animals. Accessed October 29, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/animal.research.uiowa.edu\\\/occupational-hazards-associated-care-and-use-laboratory-animals\\\">https:\\\/\\\/animal.research.uiowa.edu\\\/occupational-hazards-associated-care-and-use-laboratory-animals<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"52064784-5569-461d-8677-9a7b6eae0d8d\",\"content\":\"Khabbaz RF, Rowe T, Heneine WM, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus needlestick accident in a laboratory worker. <em>Lancet<\\\/em>. 1992;340(8814):271-273. doi:10.1016\\\/0140-6736(92)92358-M\"},{\"id\":\"744e3beb-562e-4336-97a4-e8825f0ff27c\",\"content\":\"Hicks JP. Infected monkeys at Michigan research lab threaten health and science. <em>mlive<\\\/em>. June 21, 2023. Accessed September 25, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mlive.com\\\/public-interest\\\/2023\\\/06\\\/infected-monkeys-at-michigan-research-lab-threaten-health-and-science.html\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.mlive.com\\\/public-interest\\\/2023\\\/06\\\/infected-monkeys-at-michigan-research-lab-threaten-health-and-science.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"7afc0bfd-3402-406e-97a0-99dc7b841d29\",\"content\":\"Ewart L, Apostolou A, Briggs SA, et al. Performance assessment and economic analysis of a human liver-chip for predictive toxicology. <em>Commun Med.<\\\/em> 2022;2(1):1-16. doi:10.1038\\\/s43856-022-00209-1\"},{\"id\":\"1e0b1721-cb9a-4fd7-a3a9-5647c8501bd1\",\"content\":\"FDA. FDA\\u2019s ISTAND Pilot Program accepts a submission of first organ-on-a-chip technology designed to predict human drug-induced liver injury (DILI). fda.gov. September 24, 2024. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fda.gov\\\/drugs\\\/drug-safety-and-availability\\\/fdas-istand-pilot-program-accepts-submission-first-organ-chip-technology-designed-predict-human-drug\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.fda.gov\\\/drugs\\\/drug-safety-and-availability\\\/fdas-istand-pilot-program-accepts-submission-first-organ-chip-technology-designed-predict-human-drug<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"5bcc21c0-876f-4c05-a0dc-823a24ef1314\",\"content\":\"Safer Medicines Trust. Tests on human cells and tissues predict dangerous drug side effects where animal tests and even human trials fail. Safer Medicines. 2021. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/safermedicines.org\\\/for-immediate-release-tests-on-human-cells-and-tissues-predict-dangerous-drug-side-effects-where-animal-tests-and-even-human-trials-fail\\\/\\\">https:\\\/\\\/safermedicines.org\\\/for-immediate-release-tests-on-human-cells-and-tissues-predict-dangerous-drug-side-effects-where-animal-tests-and-even-human-trials-fail\\\/<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"d67ef3f1-e824-46a4-a8ca-c1da589a2d3a\",\"content\":\"Luechtefeld T, Marsh D, Rowlands C, Hartung T. Machine learning of toxicological big data enables read-across structure activity relationships (RASAR) outperforming animal test reproducibility. <em>Toxicol Sci<\\\/em>. 2018;165(1):198-212. doi:10.1093\\\/toxsci\\\/kfy152\"},{\"id\":\"1b33deab-ce13-408f-9eaa-5b4be6bad2c5\",\"content\":\"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Database Analysis More Reliable Than Animal Testing for Toxic Chemicals. publichealth.jhu.edu. July 18, 2018. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/publichealth.jhu.edu\\\/2018\\\/database-analysis-more-reliable-than-animal-testing-for-toxic-chemicals\\\">https:\\\/\\\/publichealth.jhu.edu\\\/2018\\\/database-analysis-more-reliable-than-animal-testing-for-toxic-chemicals<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"fecd2641-4a64-407e-9304-4ddd4b27893a\",\"content\":\"Barrile R, van der Meer AD, Park H, et al. Organ-on-chip recapitulates thrombosis induced by an anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody: translational potential of advanced microengineered systems. <em>Clin Pharmacol Ther.<\\\/em> 2018;104(6):1240-1248. doi:10.1002\\\/cpt.1054\"},{\"id\":\"5ca58369-c227-4966-8e9a-80c40132f60e\",\"content\":\"Passini E, Britton OJ, Lu HR, et al. Human in silico drug trials demonstrate higher accuracy than animal models in predicting clinical pro-arrhythmic cardiotoxicity. <em>Front Physiol.<\\\/em> 2017;8. doi:10.3389\\\/fphys.2017.00668\"},{\"id\":\"f660a465-bbed-46e2-8804-7b817397dbf3\",\"content\":\"Passini E, Rodriguez B, Benito P. Why computer simulations should replace animal testing for heart drugs. <em>The Conversation<\\\/em>. March 26, 2018. Accessed October 30, 2024. <a href=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/theconversation.com\\\/why-computer-simulations-should-replace-animal-testing-for-heart-drugs-93409\\\">http:\\\/\\\/theconversation.com\\\/why-computer-simulations-should-replace-animal-testing-for-heart-drugs-93409<\\\/a>\"}]"},"secton":[19],"class_list":["post-789","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas - Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PETA Scientists&#039; comprehensive report on the use of animals in experimentation, testing, and education, and common-sense strategy for revitalizing the U.S. scientific enterprise to protect human health and the environment.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas - Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"PETA Scientists&#039; comprehensive report on the use of animals in experimentation, testing, and education, and common-sense strategy for revitalizing the U.S. scientific enterprise to protect human health and the environment.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-08T16:37:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/organs-on-chips.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/\",\"name\":\"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas - Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/organs-on-chips.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-29T22:07:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-08T16:37:56+00:00\",\"description\":\"PETA Scientists' comprehensive report on the use of animals in experimentation, testing, and education, and common-sense strategy for revitalizing the U.S. scientific enterprise to protect human health and the environment.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/organs-on-chips.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/organs-on-chips.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/oportunidades-economicas\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/\",\"name\":\"Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/science.peta.org\\\/es\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas - Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA","description":"PETA Scientists' comprehensive report on the use of animals in experimentation, testing, and education, and common-sense strategy for revitalizing the U.S. scientific enterprise to protect human health and the environment.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/","og_locale":"es_ES","og_type":"article","og_title":"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas - Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA","og_description":"PETA Scientists' comprehensive report on the use of animals in experimentation, testing, and education, and common-sense strategy for revitalizing the U.S. scientific enterprise to protect human health and the environment.","og_url":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/","og_site_name":"Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA","article_modified_time":"2026-07-08T16:37:56+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/organs-on-chips.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/","url":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/","name":"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas - Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/organs-on-chips.jpg","datePublished":"2026-01-29T22:07:55+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-08T16:37:56+00:00","description":"PETA Scientists' comprehensive report on the use of animals in experimentation, testing, and education, and common-sense strategy for revitalizing the U.S. scientific enterprise to protect human health and the environment.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"es-ES","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es-ES","@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/organs-on-chips.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/organs-on-chips.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/oportunidades-economicas\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Oportunidades econ\u00f3micas"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/#website","url":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/","name":"Modernicemos la Investigaci\u00f3n YA","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"es-ES"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=789"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1472,"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/789\/revisions\/1472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"secton","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science.peta.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/secton?post=789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}